Assessment Tools

New Zealand Dementia Foundation > Research Radar > Assessment Tools
Normative Data for Older New Zealanders on the Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination-Revised.


Callow, L., Alpass, F., Leathem, J., & Stephens, C. (2015). 
New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 44(3).

The present study provides normative data from a nationwide (population-based) sample of 1005 New Zealanders aged 45 to 85 years for the ACE-R. The norms are presented for different age groups, sex, New Zealand European and Māori ethnicity and educational bands.

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Performance of Three Cognitive Screening Tools in a Sample of Older New Zealanders.


Cheung, G., Clugston, A., Croucher, M., Malone, D., Mau, E., Sims, A., & Gee, S. (2015).
International Psychogeriatrics, 27(6), 981-989.

The ACE-III, MoCA, and RUDAS were administered in random order to a sample of 37 participants with a diagnosis of mild dementia and 47 comparison participants without dementia. The diagnostic accuracy of the three tests was assessed. All three tools discriminated well between mild dementia cases and controls overall. To inform the interpretation of these tests in clinical settings, future research should address more inclusive, potentially age-stratified local norms.

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Assessing Subjective Memory Complaints: A Comparison of Spontaneous Reports and Structured Questionnaire Methods.


Burmester, B., Leathem, J., & Merrick, P. L. (2014). 
International Psychogeriatrics, 3, 1-17.

This study surveyed New Zealanders about subjective memory complaints. Implications for clinical assessment suggest that open-ended questioning might be preferable to the initial use of prescriptive questionnaires for eliciting the most distressing subjective memory complaints. 

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A Mini-Mental Status Examination for the Hearing Impaired.


Da Silva, M. L., McLaughlin, M. T., Rodgrigues, E. J., Broadbent, J.C, Gray, A. R., & Hammond-Tooke, G. D. (2008).
Age and Aging, 37(5), 593-595.

This study used written and verbal versions of the MMSE in a group of older New Zealand patients, some of whom had hearing impairment. Hearing-impaired subjects performed no better with the written version but preferred it, suggesting that the written MMSE may be a more acceptable version of this test in the hearing-impaired.

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Reliable Change Index Scores for Persons Over the Age of 65 Tested on Alternate Forms of the Rey AVLT.


Knight, R. G., McMahon, J., Skeaff, C. M., & Green, T. J. (2007).
Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 22(4), 513-518.

In this report, New Zealand data useful for estimating the statistical significance of changes on the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT) are presented.

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Some Normative and Psychometric Data for the Geriatric Depression Scale and the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire From a Sample of Healthy Older Persons.


Knight, R. G., McMahon, J., Green, T. J., & Skeaff, C. M. (2004).
New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 33(3), 163-170.

This project includes New Zealand norms for the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire.

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Test/Retest Reliability of the ECO Computerised Cognitive Battery for the Elderly.


Secker, D. L., Merrick, P. L., Brown, R. G., Madsen, S., & Melding, P. (2004).
Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition (Neuropsychology, Development and Cognition: Section B), 11(1), 51-57.

This study presents New Zealand test–retest reliability data for the ECO (Examen Cognitif par Ordinateur) computerised cognitive battery. A mild practice effect was detected in parts.

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A New Zealand Regression Formula for Premorbid Estimation Using the National Adult Reading Test.


Barker-Collo, S. L., Thomas, K., Riddick, E., & de Jager, A. (2011).
New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 40(2), 47-55

This study developed a regression formula to predict pre-morbid abilities using the National Adult Reading Test (NART), standardised for use in New Zealand, and examined the contribution of variables such as age, gender, and ethnicity to predictive accuracy.

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The Effects of Old Age and Distraction on the Assessment of Prospective Memory in a Simulated Naturalistic Environment.


Knight, R. G., Nicholls, J., & Titov, N. (2008). 
International Psychogeriatrics, 20(1), 124-134.

The aim of the study was to examine the sensitivity of a computer-based procedure using naturalistic stimuli to age-related increases in forgetting under conditions of high (increased visual and auditory noise) or low distraction. Older persons have particular difficulty remembering in noisy environments, and clinic-based testing results may underestimate the practical memory problems experienced by older adults with mild cognitive impairment.

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Boston Naming Test Performance of Older New Zealand Adults.


Barker-Collo, S. L. (2007).
Aphasiology, 21(12), 1171- 1180.

The first aim of this study was to examine overall BNT performance in a sample of healthy older New Zealand adults and compare it with available normative data. The second aim was to determine the potential for individual items to exhibit cultural bias.

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Regression Equations for Predicting Scores of Persons Over 65 on the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, the Mini-Mental State Examination, the Trail Making Test and Semantic Fluency Measures.


Knight, R. G., McMahon, J., Green, T. J., & Skeaff, C. M. (2006). 
British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 45(3), 393-402.

This study used data from older New Zealanders to estimate regression equations for the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT), the Trail Making Test (TMT), the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and semantic fluency measures. The discrepancy between predicted and obtained scores provides a convenient index of an individual’s current level of neuropsychological functioning.

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The ECO Computerised Cognitive Battery: Collection of Normative Data Using Elderly New Zealanders.


Merrick, P. I., Secker, D. I., Fright, R., & Melding, P. (2004).
International Psychogeriatrics, 16(1), 93-105.

The purpose of the study was to yield normative data for an English-language version of the ECO Examen Cognitif par Ordinateur) computerised cognitive battery.

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